Illustration by Charles Owen / THE REPUBLIC.
the ministry of arts / books dept.
The Tragedy of an Evil Genius
Illustration by Charles Owen / THE REPUBLIC.
the ministry of arts / books dept.
The Tragedy of an Evil Genius
I n Christopher Nolan’s 2008 movie The Dark Knight, there is a scene where the characters reflect on a self-appointed crusader seeking to clean up crime in Gotham City. The characters reference ancient Rome when the people reportedly abrogated the rule of law and gave powers to a person, they trusted would willingly cede power when they were done. One of the characters gives a quote that has remained popular in the years since: ‘You either die a hero, or you live long enough to see yourself become the villain.’
In a way, Ibrahim Babangida stands out as an exception to this rule. He did not perish in the field of battle, to be revered like many victims of Nigeria’s earlier coups or the civil war. He has also lived ‘too long’ for his alleged villainy to be perceived as impactful, particularly in comparison to successors who many might argue have failed to deliver on the promise of democratic leadership. Nigerian history remains steeped in gossip and legend, such as the true cause of General Sani Abacha’s death or the reason General J.T.U. Aguiyi-Ironsi did not punish the January 1966 coup plotters; many who knew the truth chose not to speak. As more of them aged, they began to weaponize it in opposing factions, leading to ongoing debates about whose truth is ‘true.’
Babangida’s recently released memoir, A Journey in Service, offers an intriguing perspective on the political memoir genre. The other three autobiographies by Nigerian heads of state include Nnamdi Azikiwe’s My Odyssey, Shehu Shagari’s Beckoned to Serve, and Olusegun Obasanjo’s three-volume My Watch. However, these focus on more democratic eras, during which their actions were often documented by the press or potentially leaked in diplomatic cables. In contrast, Babangida’s era was strictly military, encompassing significant moments in recent Nigerian history, from his recurring roles in successful coups to his own eight-year regime from 1985 to 1993. His memoir also lacks the common justifications for political memoirs—such as seeking elective office or settling scores—since it is evidently aimed at securing a legacy. One question that Babangida does not adequately address is why it is being released now. This is one of many inquiries that undermine the book.
THE PROFILE OF A MILITARY DICTATOR
Few Nigerians are as deeply ingrained in the country’s consciousness as Babangida. This suggests that, while he provides unique insights into history, he is not revealing much that we did not already know. There is little recorded that has not surfaced in a random interview or in documented works such as Max Siollun’s trilogy on Nigerian military history. However, by presenting his background and establishing relatability with the average Nigerian, he illustrates how unremarkable his path to power was. He nearly portrays himself as a beneficiary of the Nigerian promise—or the Nigerian dream—where anyone from anywhere can succeed through hard work and sharp focus.
His journey through the military establishment, together with his legacy of achievements and leadership roles, and his charm and ability to foster collegiality are clearly evident from the stories he shares. He is also evidently among the more senior and well-placed of his classmates, being one of the youngest in the regime led by General Murtala Muhammad after the overthrow of General Yakubu Gowon in 1975, a hero of his childhood. Furthermore, when the decision was made to remove the Shehu Shagari administration, Babangida was senior enough to be appointed as chief of Army Staff and was the clear choice to become head of state when General Muhammadu Buhari was ousted in 1985.
A Journey in Service also reflects how he attempts to manage the ambition of a man who clearly desired office and understood what he would do if in power. There is a noticeable effort to temper the ambition necessary to succeed in a military system, not least because it contributes to the often-portrayed image of him as a mercurial Machiavellian maestro. This is for two reasons.
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First, military officers are not expected to desire power; rather, they accept it as part of their duty of service. Previous leaders were all offered the country’s leadership after not being actively involved in the coups that brought them to power. Babangida was the first Nigerian leader who genuinely sought power and attained it. Former military leaders were appointed by those who executed the coups; Tafawa Balewa was sent to Lagos as prime minister because Ahmadu Bello preferred to remain in the North; Shagari aspired to be a senator before being encouraged to pursue the presidency. The book chronicles that Obasanjo was hesitant to succeed Mohammed, even though he was second in command. Consequently, the book misrepresents the level of ambition and preparation Babangida demonstrated, portraying him as a man who learned extensively from his predecessors. He presents a thoroughly devised transition programme, is cognisant of the institutions to be established, and makes sure that various constituencies are adequately attended to. He enumerates interactions with different groups and sectors, such as academia, traditional leaders, labour unions, former leaders, and private sector leaders. We observe a Babangida who would have flourished as a politician but is compelled to present himself as a ‘reluctant leader.’ The book fails to provide Nigerians with a true depiction of what ambition in power entails.
Second, Babangida is careful to repeatedly intimate to the reader the perilous corridors he navigated like a colossus for nearly two decades. Instances ranging from his involvement in the administration of justice following the Vatsa (1985) and Orkar (1990) coups to an anecdote about Colonel Ibrahim Taiwo advising a young officer to memorize the page on the consequences of coup failures, illustrate a man acutely aware of the associated risks. Babangida was involved in the coup that brought Mohammed to power, engaged in suppressing the Dimka coup, and played a role in the removal of both Shagari and Buhari. At various points, he emphasizes the inherent dangers of participating in a coup, as the repercussions of failure are evident to everyone in the military. However, he does not disclose what it takes to be resolute and precise, nor how he approached the various situations in which he was involved. This is not a man who was merely a bystander in the events of history; he exerted his influence and manifested his proximity to power. Yet, his depiction of himself as a man who merely stumbled upon his fate is also unjust to Nigerians who already understand and to a man who should spend his twilight years guiding the upcoming generation of Nigerian leaders. This effort already taints the historical narrative we are encouraged to study.
In his defence, he does inform us that the memoir is not ‘a treatise on the more sensational subjects that our public has been led to define as our main milestones’ (pp. xvi). However, that is unfair, as it is one of the most significant contributions he can offer in such a book. There is a reason why Gowon, the leader during the Nigerian Civil War, has not written a book despite repeated requests to do so. Babangida does not aim to present a fair reflection of his term in office for reasons we are left to speculate upon. For someone with the second-longest military regime in Nigerian history, which seemed to be a choice, his experiences are our main milestones, for better or worse.
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A MISSED TRIBUTE TO THE BOYS IN GREEN
Leadership memoirs often reflect on the motivations that shape individuals’ approach to politics and inform the platform they contest. For example, a Buhari memoir would benefit from addressing why he never chose to defect to the People’s Democratic Party and remained loyal to opposition parties despite facing repeated losses. Babangida presents an intriguing argument regarding the military’s role in Nigerian history and governance; however, the memoir fails to offer insights from a man who viewed the military as the best institution for Nigerian unity.
At various moments, he reflects on the Nigerian identity of the army. A widely shared excerpt from the book features Babangida correcting the prevailing notion that the January 1966 coup was sectional in nature:
As I have said elsewhere, as a young officer who saw all of this from a distance, probably, ethnic sentiments did not drive the original objective of the coup plotters. For instance, the head of the plotters, Major Kaduna Nzeogwu, was only ‘Igbo’ in name. (pp. 38-39)
Babangida and his allies view the army as the primary national institution, believing it is their duty to prepare the country for democracy before relinquishing power. He cites the Political Bureau’s role in helping to ‘train’ new civilians assuming office in the Third Republic, defends the bans on politicians who have served in the past, and insists that the army is an institution that often seeks to step in as a last resort. He wrote: ‘Coups don’t just happen. They are sometimes inspired by extraneous conditions that demand interventions. Generally, the abject failure of civilian governments is the cause of coups.’ (pp. 106)
However, while the army evolves as he ascends through the ranks, we are not similarly carried along on this journey. History shows that the more political the military became, the more disruptive and hazardous it became in terms of power, particularly with no checks in place. He blames the politicians of the First Republic for employing the military to interfere in political affairs (pp. 107), yet they were unaccountable when they ousted Shagari from office in 1983. There are also numerous casual references to a conservative military grappling with radical ideologists in academia. He contends that the officers involved in the 1966 coup were likely radicalized by ‘southern intellectuals at the University of Ibadan’ (pp. 108), underscoring the need to balance ideologies on the various committees his regime established (pp. 127), while citing the need to remove a proposed constitution clause that potentially presented a national socialist ideology (pp. 256). This opposition might show his regime’s apparent capitalist direction, characterized by a series of privatization offerings and licenses issued. However, in taking a side, he has stripped away the insularity and neutrality the military maintained in these matters, effectively transforming the country’s ruling ‘platform’ into a conservative, right-leaning structure. This is not inherently problematic, but it positions the reactive liberal structure as the enemy and opposition. Furthermore, it is not entirely accurate, as he observes that officers were dissatisfied with the ostentatious lifestyles of certain leaders in previous republics, again emphasizing the need to trace this evolution.
Perhaps most egregiously, A Journey in Service demonstrates that the military under Babangida’s command was as conflicted about its identity as the man at the top. He oversaw a military regime but wished to be regarded as president—another indication that Babangida was in the wrong uniform as leader—merely to ‘further the beliefs of the regime.’ He also addresses protests against the government and justifies this by asserting that a military government must never appear weak in the face of civil pressure (pp. 173). The memoir misses an opportunity to genuinely humanize and provide some logic and rationale for the military’s leadership of the country.
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THE MAN IN THE CHAIR
For a memoir that doesn’t reveal any new facts, it exposes a man torn by the weight of his role and how he embraced it. Perhaps more than any military head of state before or after, Babangida displayed a fatalistic obsession with being liked and viewed fairly which politicians are expected to possess. This is why he was comfortable receiving visitors from the literary community, even though Mamman Vatsa, his childhood friend and fellow army officer, had to die (pp. 210). This explains why he considers himself a mourner of Dele Giwa, despite the failure to conduct a thorough investigation being his government’s responsibility (pp. 205). This also accounts for his claim that he did not mandate Nigeria to become a full member of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, yet he failed to rescind it once informed (pp. 215). Furthermore, it clarifies why he states that without his ‘knowledge or prior approval,’ the ‘June 12’ elections were postponed and subsequently annulled (pp. 274-275).
This suggests that perhaps Babangida was not truly in control of his regime. He was reportedly outflanked multiple times by officers and Abacha, seemingly struggling to manage his officers in the aftermath of the election annulment. Controversially, A Journey in Service depicts Abacha as a convenient villain and seeks to portray Babangida as an innocent witness to these historical events. Conveniently for the narrative, Abacha is unable to present a defence, but this is sad as it indicates that this journey failed to yield significant lessons. It appears Babangida managed his regime like a politician and swiftly became a lame duck, suggesting that many of these policies and projects were fated for failure from the outset. Surely, someone as intelligent and tactful as Babangida would have recognized this and made the necessary corrections. Certainly, Maradona would have feinted here and dribbled again to deliver a stunning goal. Unfortunately, we do not have the 1986 phenom who gave us the ‘Hand of God’ but rather the 1994 version who was sent home early–ironically reflecting the eight years of Babangida’s regime.
The least controversial aspect of the book is a clear tribute to Maryam Babangida, the woman who redefined the concept of a Nigerian political spouse. His reflections on their marriage, her legacy, and her contributions illustrate that he is indeed capable of profound introspection and thought. It is worth noting that she remains insulated from the caricature of the modern first lady, who is often portrayed as either power-hungry or inept. It is an interesting comparison that, while the man was constantly vilified and blamed for everything, according to his account, his wife maintained her popularity and would likely still rank highly in a list of first ladies. A welcome confirmation would have been if Asaba were truly named the capital of Delta, rather than the more well-known Warri, in deference to her hometown.
In a 1995 TELL Magazine interview, reproduced in the book, Babangida states that despite his best nickname being ‘The Evil Genius’, it is a contradiction because you can’t ‘simultaneously be a genius and evil’ (pp. 353). This raises the question of what it means to be considered evil. Is it ambition? Is it politicking? Is it the foreboding sense of his survival? Although these questions are admittedly beyond the book’s scope, they provide cause for further reflection.
A Journey in Service demonstrates the tragedy of Nigerian leadership, demanding so much, yet not deemed worthy of the deft devotion it deserves. It falls again with a rushed epilogue where Babangida could have used the successful transition run by childhood friend Abdulsalami Abubakar as a comparison point. Did the generals want one of their own? Were they outmanoeuvred by the unexpected nature of Obasanjo’s cull of officers who had held political office? Was it just fatigue from decades in power? These thoughts could have helped with reflecting on the 2023 elections after the election of only the third Nigerian leader to similarly will himself into power. Like Babangida and Abacha, Bola Tinubu sought the presidency with an actual plan and agenda and has gone about reshaping the presidency in a way that will likely be unrecognizable when he’s done; for better or worse. It is possible that the tragedy was that Babangida needed fatigues when he could easily have made it with a babariga.
Despite living long enough to be the villain, the coterie of personalities, politicians and private sector prefects present at his launch would suggest he has lasted even longer to now rewrite his own narrative. This reflects a society that remains at odds with answering questions, owing to a national consensus that the questions are safer than the answers. With more leaders accepting to document their experiences in power and hopefully offering more reflections, we may see a revaluation of that consensus⎈
A JOURNEY IN SERVICE
IBRAHIM BADAMASI BABANGIDA
440 PP. BOOKCRAFT PUBLISHERS, 2025
IBADAN, NIGERIA
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