From Kongo Kings to Cross-Congo Conflicts

The world’s closest capital cities—Kinshasa and Brazzaville—sit within two modern-day states, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo, that once reigned as a united Kongo Kingdom, splintered 140 years ago at the seminal Berlin Conference. Their distinguished histories explain their contemporary relations. 

A glance at a map showing two adjacent nations named Congo might suggest a familiar story—one of division, of a country split by the twists and turns of history: much like North and South Korea or East and West Germany. But in this case, such assumptions would be misleading.  

The twin Congos—the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the Republic of the Congo (RoC)—owe their names not to a modern political fracture but to the legacy of a once-mighty kingdom. The Kongo Kingdom, a powerful realm that flourished from the 14th to 19th centuries, stretched across what is now southwestern Gabon, northwestern Angola and parts of present-day RoC/Congo-Brazzaville and DRC/Congo-Kinshasa. 

Like Ghana, which reclaimed the name of an ancient Sahelian empire, the Congos carry a moniker harking back to this distant era. At its height, the Kongo Kingdom stood as a dominant force in Central Africa. When Portuguese explorers first arrived in the late 15th century, they encountered a sophisticated monarchy ruled by a sovereign known as the Manikongo. This empire was not isolated: it had neighbours and vassals. North of the Pool Malebo, a vast lake-like expanse along the Congo River, lay the Tio Kingdom, also called the Teke Kingdom; while to the south, beyond the Loango region, stretched the lands of the Fang. The Ovambo people lived further south in modern Angola. To the east, the Baluba Kingdom and Swahili-Arab sultanates (Kilwa Sultanate, Sultanate of Utetera, Sultanate of Zanzibar) thrived, deeply entwined in the coastal slave trade.  

Western historians date the Kongo Kingdom’s reign from approximately 1390 to 1914. But its decline was long and painful. The kingdom lost key vassal states—first Loango and then Soyo—before eventually shrinking to a remnant of its former self. By the time the colonial era reshaped Africa, the kingdom was reduced to its final stronghold: the sacred city of M’banza Kongo in present-day Angola.  

The diplomatic history between the Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is rooted in a 600-year tapestry of shifting regal alliances, colonial fractures and Cold War intrigues. Their shared history—punctuated by ivory, iron and ideological battles—illuminates how internal power struggles and external exploitation have shaped one of Central Africa’s most volatile borders...