
Illustration by Shalom Ojo / THE REPUBLIC.
THE MINISTRY OF ARTS / LITERATURE DEPT.
Reading Gabriel García Márquez in Nairobi

Illustration by Shalom Ojo / THE REPUBLIC.
THE MINISTRY OF ARTS / LITERATURE DEPT.
Reading Gabriel García Márquez in Nairobi
I had waited in anticipation and worry for six years since Netflix announced they were adapting Gabriel García Márquez’s famous work One Hundred Years of Solitude into a Netflix series. Anticipation because the novel was one of the finest I’d ever read. Worry because I had constructed my own Macondo in my imagination and didn’t want the visuals of something concrete to replace the beauty of the ecosystem I’d conceived. Márquez, who died in 2014, was against the book’s adaptation into film, feeling it was written against the cinema. In his absence, the adaptation decision was made by his sons—now in charge of his literary estate—who felt the television series medium had evolved enough to contain the vast scope of the novel. The first part of the series was released in December 2024, and three episodes in, I was reminded of how I came to experience the magical worlds of Márquez.
I must have been in high school when I first read him. It was a short story titled ‘The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World’. I don’t exactly remember where I read it from—perhaps it may have been part of the stories we were meant to read in our curriculum, or I might have come across it while reading books in our high school’s library. What was distinct about it was how it piqued my wonder, with its depiction of a large, handsome man who washes up on a settlement in a coastal town and the varied reactions the residents have to his dead body. While the story stayed with me, the author’s name did not because I did not have a great interest in literature then, and the name remained lost to me for a long time until my early twenties, when I decided to become a writer.
In my early days as a writer, I recognized a need to read widely to form a foundation from which I could arrange my world into a language that was unique to me. Therefore, my route back to Márquez was circuitous. It involved a journey through Albert Camus’s philosophical work The Myth of Sisyphus. I read Camus in 2017, when I was doing an undergraduate degree in Financial Economics at Strathmore University that brought me great sadness and despair, because I’d realized, far too late to do anything about it, that it was not a career path I could pursue for the rest of my life. To console myself, I studied various materials and subjects that interested me and were not related to my degree in our vast university library. Any book I selected from the shelves allowed me a space for dreams. I dreamt of a post-Second World War Paris where writers met in street cafés to talk about philosophical ideas, and I began to search for ways in which philosophy could be told in interesting stories. This led me to Collected Fictions by Jorge Luis Borges. Borges was a revelation with his stories that seemingly occur somewhere beyond reality, but he had never written a novel, and even though he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature, he never won it. Whenever I searched Borges on the internet, somewhere in the vast pages written about his work, there would be the Colombian Gabriel García Márquez, a Nobel Prize in Literature winner, and his masterpiece, One Hundred Years of Solitude.
ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF SOLITUDE
I had to wait for close to two years after I purchased my copy of One Hundred Years of Solitude in 2017 to read it because I was not ready. And when I finally was, in February 2019, the first lines of the book burst out from the page and floated in the air, forming a world of their own: ‘Many years later, as he faced the firing squad, Colonel Aureliano Buendía was to remember that distant afternoon when his father took him to discover ice.’
For four days, I followed several generations of the Buendía family, from their patriarch, José Arcadio Buendía, founding the town of Macondo, to civil wars, love affairs, incest and massacres, up to Macondo’s final moment. The book’s spell on me felt like a fever dream with Macondo feeling as real as the world I inhabited. I read the last few pages while I was undergoing a writing workshop at Goethe-Institut, and I remember, distinctly, feeling an electric rush dazzle through my spine as Aureliano finally deciphered the manuscript left by the gypsy Melquíades, describing the entire fate of the town and Aureliano’s own death from the wind that was blowing through Macondo. By the time I was done, I had tears in my ears. It was the first time I had such a visceral physical and emotional reaction to a piece of literature.
Years later, I wondered why I had felt this way while reading the novel. The book and I were so different and separate. Before I read it, my image of Colombia had been shaped by Hollywood, specifically the Netflix show, Narcos and the sprawling story of Pablo Escobar, the Colombian drug lord who led the Medellín cartel. Imagine my surprise when I read One Hundred Years of Solitude to see how familiar, not as distant as the Colombia I’d received through Hollywood’s filter, the book’s world, language and characters felt to me as an African who had grown up on the continent.
The book’s language bent time; it appeared as if all of time were taking place together, that there was no difference between the past, the present and the future. The story felt like one told by older relatives about relations they had known throughout the years who, despite how much they tried to overcome their troubled life situation, had not succeeded. Some paragraphs were eerie because I was certain they could have been written by my maternal grandmother, who could not even write. My poor grandmother would, like Úrsula Iguarán—matriarch of the Buendía family and wife and cousin to José Arcadio Buendía—witness the deaths of her children (though not all of them) to affairs that were cyclical, regrettable and preventable. In my grandmother’s last days, despite her Christianity, she came to believe that she had been bewitched. I remember the sometimes sad and unbelievable stories she would tell me of her family, the distant look she had on when she finished a story, as if she could not believe how long ago those events had happened, and the solitude she came to embody before she died. Sometimes, because of the heavy morphine she was under during her palliative care, she said she saw visions of children whose identities she could not place.
In Melquíades and the other gypsies who visited Macondo, bringing their scientific and worldly discoveries, I was reminded of the annual Agricultural Society of Kenya (ASK) show that I used to attend as a child. The ASK show featured things like a mermaid from the Swahili Sea, a headless person who could talk and acrobats who could swallow fire. As a child, I was fascinated by these wondrous things and believed that they were true. In the novel, when Melquíades comes back from the land of the dead to rescue Macondo from an insomniac plague, when Remedios the beauty with yellow butterflies around her ascends to heaven or when Pilar Ternera reads the futures of people in her cards, the language feels deeply true, as if it actually happened. Therefore, I did not experience the novel as something fictional, but as a historical text which had been lost and was now finally available to me.
In the year that I first read One Hundred Years of Solitude, Macondo would arrive in Nairobi through a festival named Macondo Literary Festival, which was founded in 2019 by the German journalist Anja Bengelstorff and Kenyan author Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor. The Macondo Literary Festival brought together authors from Lusophone, Francophone and Anglophone countries in Africa. I was enamoured by the festival and its subsequent editions when I saw so many different authors and books I had not known about and the many people who spoke of Márquez’s influence on their life and work, transforming Macondo not only into a place in the imagination but into something real and tangible.
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CONTINUOUSLY READING MÁRQUEZ
After reading One Hundred Years of Solitude, I became obsessed with Márquez, and in March 2019, I moved on to his novella, Chronicle of a Death Foretold, of which I could only find an e-book version. At the same time, I was researching material for my novel, which did not turn out well in the end, at the National Archives in the city centre. The section I was researching involved poring over old newspapers of the 1980s and 1990s. It was my first time using the archives for research purposes, as opposed to a landmark where I used to wait outside its gate when meeting someone at the city centre. The archive’s attendant brought me microfilms of old newspapers, and I would read them with a keen interest on the microfilm magnifier as I tried to select stories of the past to shape into fiction. Outside, I could hear the city’s chaos, and when I raised my head, I could see it too, bringing me back to my present.
I read the novella in between breaks as I did my novel’s research over two weeks. Chronicle of a Death Foretold tells the story of the murder of Santiago Nasar by the Vicario twins. It is recounted in a journalistic style, and what particularly engrossed me was the fact that the Vicario twins had told everyone in the town of their plan to murder Santiago Nasar, but no one stopped it. When I think of this fact now and the research that I was doing then, I am struck by the similarities. In the histories of the newspapers I was lost in, I knew when a calamitous event was going to happen but there was nothing I could do to stop it from happening because I was stuck in the wake of the events in the newspapers.
Three months later, in the same year, I went on to read Márquez’s Love in the Time of Cholera, whose story of Florentino Ariza’s 50-year unrequited love for Fermina Daza would release me from the unanswered questions I had regarding an unrequited love I’d experienced a year before reading it. Since then, I’ve read Collected Stories, Strange Pilgrims, both short story collections, ‘The Art of Fiction No. 69’, an interview Márquez did with The Paris Review, and some of his essays. Márquez’s work, despite having been written several years ago, in a different language and an ocean away from me, constantly reminded me of the universality of literature, of seeing myself and my world described in his sentences. Each of his works affected me in different ways and arrived when I needed them most. However, there were also some of his works I simply couldn’t get into no matter how much I tried. Still, I believe stories always find their intended audience, and maybe one day I’ll circle back to those stories of his, of which I only read a few pages before abandoning them.
As a reader of Márquez’s English-translated works, and because I never intend to learn Spanish, I have always been aware of receiving his work through a filter provided by someone else. Yet, I am also aware that without them I would not have access to Márquez. The two major translators of his work are Gregory Rabassa and Edith Grossman, both Americans; Márquez was in such high praise of his translators that he called the English translation of One Hundred Years of Solitude by Rabassa better than the Spanish original.
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POLITICS AND MÁRQUEZ
Reading Márquez in Nairobi today, I see his work describing some of the conditions that the country is going through. In One Hundred Years of Solitude, a banana company establishes a plantation. The plantation owners set up their own security, which is given the leeway to attack citizens for small offences. When the workers finally strike in protest of inhumane working conditions, the government invites 3,000 of them for a meeting to resolve the differences. But this meeting is a ruse, and the army surrounds the workers and guns down all of them, with the only survivor being José Arcadio Segundo, a member of the fourth generation of the Buendía family. The military then denies that anyone has died, saying that the workers went back to their families, repeating this version of the story over and over until it is believed, while at the same time wiping out the workers’ union leaders who opposed them or had the capacity to threaten them in future. When the relatives of victims crowd the military commandants’ officers in search of news, they are met with this response: ‘You must have been dreaming,’ the officers insist. ‘Nothing has happened in Macondo, nothing has happened, and nothing will ever happen. This is a happy town.’
José Arcadio Segundo, traumatized by what he has witnessed and by the disbelief of people about the murder of the striking workers, withdraws from society. He takes refuge in deciphering the incomprehensible manuscripts of Melquíades and in preserving the memory of the 3,000 people who died. ‘There were more than 3,000 of them,’ José Arcadio Segundo says at some point. ‘I’m sure now that they were everybody who had been at the station.’
Just like the striking workers, ordinary Kenyan citizens who desire better leadership are in a fight against the government when it comes to truth and memory. With the deaths of protesters in the June and July 2024 protests against the finance bill and poor governance, government officials tried to deny what many protesters had seen happen: the firing of live ammunition by police officers at peaceful protesters. In response to the deaths, the then interior cabinet secretary and now deputy president of Kenya, Kithure Kindiki, had said: ‘The fact that somebody has died through a bullet where police officers were trying to control a crowd is not conclusive proof that person has been killed by a police officer.’
Late last year and early this year, the country also witnessed an increase in the abductions of young people who had spoken out against the government. On social media, several Kenyan users posted about these abductions and demanded their unconditional release. Even though dozens and dozens of government critics disappeared, some never to be seen again and some released without any explanation, the government’s response was predictable and unoriginal, denying claims of the abductions, even with evidence pointing to the contrary.
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THE ENDURANCE OF MÁRQUEZ
Despite having worked as a journalist and screenwriter, it is Márquez’s work as an author that has impacted me most. In my initial stages of encountering his work, I was very attracted to the story of his life. He was born in the small town of Aracataca in 1927, in the Caribbean region of Colombia, and he had risen through sheer talent to such a high level of regard in the world. I recognized in him a deep love for literature and endurance, for before he wrote the novel that would gain him fame and acclaim, he had written other books that were not as acclaimed.
For One Hundred Years of Solitude, Márquez was driving to Acapulco for a family vacation when the first line of the novel occurred to him. He quit his day job and worked on it for months until he fell into debt, believing in the purity of his work. A major risk, considering he was married and had two young sons. However, after the novel was published in 1967, his entire life changed. I believe this was attractive to me because of its mythic quality. I was far from the publishing centre in the same way Márquez was when he was growing up and in his early years as a writer, but he had made it without having to make his writing a certain way.
I am often surprised that I have never tried to write in imitation of Márquez, especially because, at the time his work arrived to me, I had not yet developed my voice as a writer and I was attempting to write like all the writers I thought wrote well. For example, after reading J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, I had been so caught up in Holden Caulfield’s cavalier narrative voice that I wrote stories which were poor imitations of the novel for some weeks, with the variations being the narrator’s name and Nairobi setting, as opposed to Holden’s New York. Perhaps I saw in Márquez’s work something that could not be reproduced and a need for patience in developing my work.
I could trace his evolution as a writer while reading Collected Stories because the initial stories in the book are not as strong. But by the time I got to the last story, ‘The Incredible and Sad Tale of Innocent Eréndira and Her Heartless Grandmother’, written at a later time in Márquez’s life, I recognized its masterful quality. Márquez, therefore, did not come ‘fully made’—a helpful Chinua Achebe description—but had to work hard to get there.
The greatest aspect I’ve gained from reading Márquez is to write fiction as if it were true—to transfer the world I saw before me onto the page as it was. In a writing workshop during my Master of Arts programme in England, a few people critiqued my work as ‘having too much going on at the same time’ and advised me to take each subject one at a time. I had not noticed this about my work, and I reflected on this critique and realized that it was quite true. And although this critique was correct, it was also coming from a Western canonical view of literary work. On further introspection, I found that this is how the life I’d lived unfolded: with everything happening at the same time. That there was little separation between the personal, the social and the political, and there was a way time in my world felt—not as something fixed, but as something elastic, perhaps even bent. Therefore, I did not change how I wrote.
In Nairobi, while revisiting Márquez’s work in 2023, months after I’d completed my studies, I saw my world of the tropics in between the pages, with everything occurring at once described in language that felt familiar and in stories that I felt were true⎈
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