Researchers from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Clark University scooping water from melt ponds on sea ice in the Arctic Ocean's Chukchi Sea. 2011. NASA/KATHRYN HANSEN

The New Normal A Brief History of Climate Change

hile on the 1798 Napoleon expedition to Egypt, a French mathematician and physicist, Joseph Fourier, became fascinated with the behaviour of heat.[1] Two decades later, he published the “Théorie Analytique de la Chaleur”[2], his seminal work on the mathematical laws describing the diffusion of heat in time and space. Today, Fourier’s mathematics is used to describe any kind of waveform, including light, heat and sound. In 1824, he applied this knowledge to und
 

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