Illustration by Sarah N. Kanu / THE REPUBLIC.
the ministry of arts / books dept.
Four Women and Adichie’s Feminine Utopia
Illustration by Sarah N. Kanu / THE REPUBLIC.
the ministry of arts / books dept.
Four Women and Adichie’s Feminine Utopia
Whenever there is talk about Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s much-anticipated return as a novelist, I remember that I was one of the sceptics who thought it would never happen. A friend of mine reminded me recently of how, in 2018, I pronounced to a small party of friends that Adichie had ‘exhausted her feminist concerns and could not write another novel.’ I don’t remember using those words, but I know I said it, the way one always knows things they would have said. That certitude of moral judgment, the implicit critique of brand feminism dished out in exacting language was certainly my style in 2018. Then came Dream Count, to prove me wrong on, well, many counts.
THE POETICS OF THE CARDINAL FOUR
Dream Count tells the story of four women. In using the cardinal four, it joins a tradition of writing that brings together four points of narrative into a meaningful whole—in literature, T. S. Eliot’s ‘Four Quartets’ and Wole Soyinka’s ‘Four Archetypes’ are prominent examples. Soyinka uses his four (male) archetypes—Joseph, Hamlet, Gulliver, Ulysses—as allusions to his experiences of imprisonment, wandering and isolation. Of the four, ‘Ulysses’, narrated in first-person, is the most lyrical rendering of the poet’s personal voice. An even closer model to Adichie’s female quartet, is Nina Simone’s song, ‘Four Women’. As her band plays the opening instrumentals in a 1965 live performance, Simone introduces the song in her characteristic hoarse and melancholic voice: ‘Four women… Each one with a different colour, each one with a different grade of hair and one them’s hair is like mine.’ Simone’s archetypes are Black women who have lived through the horrors of American slavery, survived it by different means. By highlighting the difference in their colours (as both skin and metaphor for being) and her personal affinity with at least one of the women, Simone offers a sharp commentary on the varied but familiar experience of Black womanhood, a commentary that Dream Count makes afresh for our current epoch.
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FOUR WOMEN AND THEIR DREAMS
Adichie’s four women—Chiamaka (Chia), Zikora, Kadiatou, and Omelogor—too, each have a different colour in that metaphorical sense. The one most like Adichie, at least the public-facing version we know, is Chiamaka whose story is narrated in the authorial I. Most readers who have followed Adichie’s work over the years—as a novelist and public intellectual—will quickly recognize this: the I that does not want to be boxed into the often-racist requirements of authenticity demanded of African writing. This familiar I that wants a feminism that does not have to feel guilty for desiring mainstream feminine ideals of beauty, this I that grows impatient with the performative intellectualism of the ivory tower and the exclusionary mode of discourse it consolidates. Chia, the daughter of a rich Nigerian businessman, is a travel writer and the dreamiest of the four. She lays her idealism bare to us early into the novel when she declares that she would rather remain unmarried and childless than accept a marriage that was not ‘a merging of souls, a baby not intensely born from love.’ As she recounts her past pursuits of love, she confronts the limits of her own idealism—‘how quickly mystery dissolves to dust… We are in love and then we are not in love.’
Zikora, a successful lawyer and Chia’s best friend, is the hardest hit by the disappointments of failed loves. Zikora longs for a man to fulfil the only desire she cannot fulfil on her own—marriage. She resents all the men who turned out to only be ‘thieves of time’ and her desire for marriage is nothing of the starry-eyed fantasy of merged souls that Chia insists on. Yet, her soul merges easily with Kwame’s, her perfect boyfriend who brings her the closest to her dream until he leaves her without ever turning back when she gets pregnant. Kwame remains ‘an unfinished dying’ throughout the text, a loss she never recovers from or understands, leaving behind a child as a trail of their love’s unfulfilled promise.
Then there is Omelogor (also narrated in first-person), who mildly irritates Zikora with her ‘half-baked sense of omniscience’ but who she tolerates because she is Chia’s treasured cousin and confidant. The graduate school dropout, businesswoman and Robyn Hood figure who supports women’s small businesses earns the reputation for being the one who is ‘not afraid’. Omelogor does not desire men in the way that any of the other women do, not in service of some protracted search for meaning, not as anything more than a temporary fascination that burns out before anything enduring can form. In fact, one could argue that Omelogor desires men as most men (at least by this account of them) are wont to desire women.
If Chia is the glue between Zikora and Omelogor, Kadiatou is the one who seals them all together eventually, gathering all their pieces with her gentle hand. The Guinean migrant, inspired by the real-life Nafissatou Diallo, works as Chia’s housekeeper but becomes more to the trio when she looks after each of them in periods of desperate need. It is Kadiatou who cleans up Chia’s blood from a chair when Chia suffers from fibroids and bleeds uncontrollably, who comes to braid Zikora’s hair when she is heartbroken and comforts her by expressing genuine faith in Kwame as ‘a person too good, to abandon (Zikora) of his own accord.’ Kadiatou is the one who cooks for Omelogor when she sinks into depression after struggling with graduate school, the one who reminds her of her strength. So, when a grave injustice is done to Kadiatou and she is suddenly caught in an age-defining moment of public spectacle, they all stand with ‘nwanyi ibe’—their ‘fellow woman’. Adichie’s four women are different African women whose fates become most vividly bound together in the context of their migrant experiences in America.
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YEARNING
The thematic preoccupation of Dream Count can be roughly summarized in the word ‘yearning’, that longing for something that seems ‘so close that you could hardly fail to grasp it.’ That soon, maybe, not yet, almost. A sense of the unattained lingers through Adichie’s narrative—marriages slipping out of reach, unborn and unfathered children, absconding, and unworthy male lovers, and even for Omelogor, the seeming exception to the trope of male-centred desire and traditional family values, there is a sense of the lingering unattainable in her curiosity over the paths not taken. She squirms in discomfort at how much she thinks about her aunt’s reprimand: ‘don’t pretend that you like the life you are living.’ All the main characters have longed for connection, ‘to be known, truly known, by another human being’, but as Adichie narrates, what they come to have in the end is closer to a ‘collective sequestering’—a mutually recognizable loneliness, brought into sharp view by the shock of the Covid pandemic.
The novel is, however, not only about the yearnings for, and consequent disillusionment with men. It is also about disillusionment with institutions, especially in their American form. Omelogor tells us sullenly, ‘I had come to America hoping to find a part of me that was more noble and good; I came in search of repair.’ Dream Count shows how this sort of cruel optimism is etched into the very fabric of America, how the promise of justice is shattered by the reality of a justice system that sniffs out the flaws of victims so it can discredit them. The final blow of disappointment for Omelogor is the realization that American liberal education denies deliberative learning in service of being cruel to everyone that cannot get on ‘board their ideology train’. Yet as Adichie rants in Omelogor’s voice against liberal academia, a sharp contradiction trails her critique—a lack of reflexivity over her own uncritical stance in relation to the institution. Why is Omelogor herself so averse to engaging with feedback, even when it is constructive? How does the same Omelogor, whose performance of omniscience unsettles her friends, become the railing voice against the same tendency amongst her graduate school peers? Does the ‘perfect righteousness’ of American liberalism only upset Omelogor when she is on the wrong side of it? Adichie leaves us with no answers, unable, or perhaps unwilling, to elaborate a coherent critique of liberal education or an alternative vision of it.
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ADICHIE’S FEMININE UTOPIA
Against the backdrop of a plot so painfully littered with disappointments is the glimmer of hope offered by Adichie’s vision of female solidarity, the emergence of a feminine utopia. The friendship between the four women remains fail-safe in the face of each of their failed dreams, it is the thing that guarantees their individual survivals, the only ideal that Adichie does not let shatter. It is in the sustenance of this vision, beautifully unrealistic as it might seem, that Adichie’s superpower as a consummate storyteller shines through. She weaves each woman into the lives of the others such that each novella about one of them is really a story about all of them.
Through Kadiatou, the most different of the four, we see quite vividly how the narrative of feminine affinity is most delicately strewn together. In reality, there is so much that separates Kadiatou’s life from the others—her economic status, her non-fluency in English, her religious and sociopolitical background. It would have been more likely that Kadiatou worked for those women and found little in common with them. Yet Adichie bridges this gap by creating zones of commonality upon which solidarity can be built, narrating this possibility of affinity in the minutest details of the text. A pointed example of this is when Chiamaka mentions her fibroids to Kadiatou and the latter repeats the words with ‘a strangled tone’. We later learn that Kadiatou’s sister had suffered and died from complications related to fibroids, so when Chia tells Kadiatou of her own struggles, Kadiatou recoils in recognition of what is at stake.
A belaboured grouse with Adichie pertains to her seeming shift from ‘an acclaimed postcolonial novelist to pop-public intellectual’, marked by her partnerships with Beyonce and Dior. Dream Count is, however, not the novel that proves this point. Instead, the stories of the four women offer a tentative answer to a question that could form a strong basis for feminist solidarities: what must a woman recognize in another and in herself to understand their shared conditions? Dream Count offers detailed and interwoven portraits of women’s bodies—the passion, the blood, the fibroids, the labour, the postpartum. It also details experiences of what it means to be embodied as women in a patriarchal world—the love, the sadness, the rage, the ways men claim ownership over women’s bodies, the ways they take and discard, the ways women fight every day to reclaim the body. The novel starts with the body but only as a rallying call to make a broader point about the very shared human experience of yearning that the body is ultimately only a canvas for. Just as Chia gently clarifies, ‘it’s not body count, it’s dream count’.
A more useful critique of this novel, then, is perhaps the author’s refusal to follow through in narration, on its more humanist premise. Almost surgically, Adichie excises the woman condition from the human condition as if to insist that the one is invalidated or at least corrupted by the other. On the one hand, Dream Count is heavily narrated around men, and on the other, the men that are narrated are generally silhouettes: fleeting, disappearing, and inarticulate. It is clear from early into the text that Adichie avoids exploring her male characters’ rationalities. As a consequence, it forecloses many narrative possibilities that might have let the author comment more holistically on the humanness of love and desire: the constant tension between yearning and inadequacy, the traumas that clutch themselves to desire, the cruel facticity of unrequited love. In the same breath that the novel moves its reader to mourn with Zikora for Kwame’s disappearance and betrayal, it refuses to offer a requiem for Chuka’s dreams when Chia leaves him. Chuka, the most responsible of Chia’s boyfriends, who wanted to commit to marriage from the beginning and meant what he said, whose broody silence was not dismissiveness but introspection, who came to understand Chia closely because he was attentive to her.
‘Chuka is not Kwame,’ says Zikora’s mother in her aged wisdom, ‘No other man is responsible for what Kwame did than Kwame.’ But the point here is not about the difference between Chuka and Kwame as metaphors for good and bad men. The broader critique is that characters, good and bad, have an important role to play in the repleteness of narration—especially for a storyteller who once compellingly highlighted the danger of a single story. A book like Dream Count had the potential to comment more effectively on the messy terrain of intimacy and its gendered fallouts but it chose a narrative voice that intentionally writes off what might have been some of its most compelling characters⎈
DREAM COUNT
CHIMAMANDA NGOZI ADICHIE
399 PP. NARRATIVE LANDSCAPE PRESS, MARCH 2025
LAGOS, NIGERIA
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