When ‘Modern Slavery’ Meant Colonial Rule

In early independent Nigeria, ‘modern slavery’ was principally associated with the ongoing existence of colonial labour regimes. Especially in the neighbouring Spanish colonial island of Fernando Po in the Bight of Biafra and in the Apartheid and Portuguese empires in Southern Africa. In 1962, Ghana even brought forward an international legal complaint against the Government of Portugal for failing to enforce the 1957 Abolition of Forced Labour Convention. The continued existence of forced labour and modern slavery in the last remaining African colonies were seen as a negation of everything that had been arduously deliberated upon and fought for in the anti-colonial twentieth century. Yet the paradox quickly presented itself that even with the end of colonial rule, ‘modern slavery’ was not overcome or abolished but seemed to reappear in different moments with the same characteristics. Arguably, this paradox arose because what was labelled or misrecognized as ‘modern slavery’ was usually the simple creation or operation of new but quite ordinary semi-regulated labour markets, whether first appearing under colonial or post-colonial rule.